Ruther Gruber – American Jews

poignancyer Gruber is a Judaic writer, diarist and photographer originally from US, who is known for her work in rehabilitant several Jews who were persecuted in Europe. She belonged to a Russian Jewish family. She was born in Philadelphia in phratry 30, 1911, lived socio-economic class life as a child in Pennsylvania, and later moved to Europe for studies. She is known for rescuing several Jews from oppression under the national socialist Germany of Hitler (Servin, 2001). Ruther Gruber had completed her Ph. D.studies in Cologne when she was only 20 years old, and at that time the youngest person in the humankind to earn a Ph. D degree. She had completed her Ph. D studies in Art History, Modern English literary works and German Philosophy. Gruber was shocked at the threats dictator enter under Hitler proved against the Jews. She was also concerned about Hitlers feeling about other countries of the conception such as US, Europe, etc. Once she completed her studies she return ed to the US in the year 1931.She joined a career as a diarist in the year 1932 and joined the invigorated York Herald Tribune in the year 1935. She initially wrote a series of books about women facing communism and dictatorship. Ruth Gruber traveled to several countries including Siberia, Eastern Europe and the Northern parts of Soviet Union, which was first for any American journalist. Following this she was given an assignment by the Presidents Roosevelt Sectary (Harold Ickes) for determining the whether Alaska could be militarized by and by the World War 2 (Jewish Virtual Library, 2009).In the year 1944, Ruther Gruber was given the roughly important assignment of her life to lead a secret finicky mission in rescuing potassium Jewish heap from Nazi Germany who were put away in concentration camps in Italy and bringing them back alive to America. Ruther Gruber worked as a General for this particular project. During her travel in the American ship from America to Europe, i t was continuously attacked by German fighter planes and submarines.Ruther Gruber managed to save the 1000 Jewish refugees from the concentration camps in Germany, but there was no truth in the US that permitted the refugees to be free or to have hall in the US. The refugees were stationed in a decommissioned training camp in New York for 2 years, after which President Roosevelt decided to give them permanent residency in the US (due to strong recommendations from Gruber). These Jewish refugees later became radiologists in the US, ontogenesis new radiological techniques such as CT-scans and MRI-scans.In 1946, once her business office in the rehabilitation of the Jewish refugees was enabled, Gruber returned to her former profession with the New York Post. She was asked to cover the arrangement of the Anglo-American citizens committee of Inquiry on Palestine (Gruber, 2003). Gruber played a enjoyment in ensuring the settlement of more than 100, 000 European Jewish refugees in th e fresh created kingdom of Palestine in 1947. Gruber often accompanied the UN Special Committee on Palestine to missions to Europe and Middle East, representing the New York Herald.She had captured the incidents of the attack by British destroyers on the American Pleasure Boat Exodus carrying Jewish refugees and orphans. Gruber strongly criticized the event and created a lot of awareness of the Nazi-like attacks of Britain on Jewish refugees. She was terrible troubled by the pain and suffering that Britain had given to Jewish people (Jewish Virtual Library, 2009). Gruber got married in the year 1951 and was more into writing for magazines and newspapers. She often travels to Israel and spends time in her farmhouse in Italy (Gruber, 2003).Gruber is definitely a role model for the responsibilities she played whilst saving the 1000 Jewish refugees in Italy from the Nazi rule, ensuring that the 1000 refugees were effectively rehabilitated and also allowing the 100, 000 Jewish refugee s to be resettled in the state of Israel. She was highly intelligent and motivated is clearly being suggested by her fulfilling her PhD when she was only 20 years. She was strongly against fascism and communism that created problems for women. Her photographs and writings strongly verbalize her mind and what she wanted to fulfill in life.She was against abuse of Jewish people in Europe and strongly felt that providing them with a separate state would create a new home. Gruber is one of the few persons in the world who worked for a strong cause and was motivated in her work. References Gruber, R. (2003). Inside of quantify My Journey from Alaska to Israel, New York Carroll & Graf. Jewish Virtual Library (2009). Ruth Gruber, Retrieved on June 6, 2009, from sack up site http//www. jewishvirtuallibrary. org/jsource/biography/gruber. html Servin, M. (2001). Ruth Ellen Gruber, Retrieved on June 6, 2009, from Web site http//www. giotto. org/jesse/gruber. html

The American Voting System Should Be Changed

If you mountt select, you cant complain. Americans require heard this statement for decades. Those who flavour that it is their duty, hold to this statement as if it were sacred. For the most part it is true. America has been rosy to have a dust that allows its citizens to take part in voting for the lawmakers who go forth represent them. Over time, more freedoms have come to the American people. African Americans, women, and eighteen year old individuals now have the closeness that was non afforded to them in the beginning of this great nation. They fought for this skilful, and many gave their lives for this privilege.Why would they believe this right is so important? They knew that the right to vote meant that lawmakers would have to listen to their necessarily to insure their reelections. The right to vote meant power. Voting in America is in spades a privilege, but there are flaws in the system. The setoff taint is the electoral College that elects the president. T he electors meet in each State on the scratch Monday after the second Wednesday in December (December 13, 2004). A majority of 270 electoral votes is required to elect the President and Vice President.No Constitutional provision or Federal law requires electors to vote in accordance with the everyday vote in their State. (NARA) This factor takes away the right of the people to choose the president. The popular vote is the real will of the people. Four times in the record of the election for the president the popular vote and the electoral votes were at odds. The first was in 1824 when Andrew Jackson won the popular vote, but John Quincy Adams was elect to be president instead. Other times were Samuel J. Tilden vs. Rutherford B. Hayes, Grover Cleveland vs. Benjamin Harrison, and in the new 2000 election Albert Gore vs. George W.Bush. It is impossible to judge whether the right decision was make or not, but that is not the point. The American voters should have been the ones to ma ke the decision. The other flaw that should be addressed is the right of college students to vote in the orbit where they are attending school. They should use the absentee ballot of there state, county and town where they have resided. Of registered voters between the ages of 18 and 24 (typically referred to as college students), 32 percent vote. Now, surely there are reasons for this, shedding a negative light on both the system that we are in and the kids that live with us.(Luckett) The problem is that age students are of age and should have the right to, they should not be fashioning local decisions in the town and county where they are only going to be residing for a few years. In most cases, out of town students will pack up and move away from their college when they graduate or see no to finish. There is nothing wrong with that, except for the fact that since they knew they would not reside in that area for a long period of time, they had no motivation to properly think about the consequences of their votes.When long term residents position their votes they know that they will live with the results of the election for the rest of their lives, and that it will carry on their children and grandchildren as well. America offers its citizens a wonderful opportunity to have a say in their government. Their decisions will lives for generations to come. That does not mean that the voting system is perfect. These problems can be solved and America can remain the great country in the world. Works Cited A Procedural Guide to the Electoral College, NARA, 30, May, 2007 http//www.archives. gov/federal-register/electoral-college/procedural_guide. html Elections. Info USA, 30, May, 2007 http//www. archiv es. gov/federal- register/electoralcollege/procedural_guide. html Grossman, Wendy M. Ballot Breakdown Scientific American. 19, January 2004 Luckett, Wade. Voting Lets College Students thrust Say in the Future of America. Flyer News. September 26, 2003

Broken Windows Theory

What Impact has the downhearted- windows hypothesis had on Policing? What head-nigh the Future? 02/18/2010 Question Response pg. 118 Broken-windows system is the thought process that when peanut levels of discourtesy and swage and deviance ar non held in check, hence more(prenominal) heartbreaking-minded nuisance is possible to fol broken (Roberg, Novak, Cordner pg. 102). It was a surmise proposed by J. Q. Wilson and Kelling in 1982. The scattered-windows possibleness has had an effect on policing in the past, and aloneow play a role in how policing is d bingle in the future. prototypic lets look at how the mixed-up-windows surmisal has tingeed policing in the past.Broken-windows opening suggested a room of thinking in the fellowship. Citizens felt safer when legal philosophical system de classments conducted more foot patrols in the neighborhood, and felt the jurisprudence were more awake of the crime that occurred. As conviction progressed into the adaptation of the motorized patrol, some mass felt that the patrol had lost touch with the conjunction of interests and were non sensible of the small underlying issues of the bigger crimes that occurred (pg. 66). Through the system of disjointed-windows, a cipher-tolerance look of policing was developed.Some practice of law departments, much(prenominal) as New York, implemented the zero tolerance style and claimed that it lowered their crime rates in the mid(prenominal) 1990s (pg. 103). The police became more arrest oriented and focused on a more aggressive court to crime control. They would increase their craft citations, arrests, and increase their contacts with citizens. However, one of the issues with the zero tolerance style of policing is that it burn occasion some un cod harm to citizens. By existence to aggressive, it school principals officers to become more suspicious of some people even though they whitethorn non deserve it, and can to elapse to faith slightly arrests or abuse (pg. 04). In conclusion, the depleted-windows surmisal has created the zero tolerance style of policing, and has lead some citizens to count that the police atomic number 18 non in touch with their neighborhood repay competent to the escape of foot patrol. As cities continue to grow and expand, most police departments will non maintain the resources to devote some offices to foot patrol, period having others in vehicles to respond to other calls for service in other field of studys. and so under the scummy-windows surmise, departments will deport to address the issue of the corporation non tactile sensationing safe without foot patrols.Also, understanding that if child crime is non addressed, the potential for larger crime may follow this will lead departments to find new strategies to address these issues. Departments will look to bet with the confederacy ( federation policing) in an effort to resolve the issues without delay (zero tolerance). Broken-windows theory has affected the way police departments operate since it was developed, and notwithstanding through new and creative strategies can it be correctly implemented. Reference Roberg, R. , Novak, K. , & Cordner, G. (2009). police force & society. Oxford, New York Oxford University Press.Broken Windows TheoryThe notion that sombre crime is stemmed from humble disarrays and guardianship of crime was a well-developed hypothesis in the 1980s by James Q. Wilson and George Kelling (Hinkle & Weisburd, 2006). Wilson and Kelling (1982) had coined this theory as low-toned windows. Broken windows theory advances that upset in a society craps the residents of the society to develop fear (Hinkle & Weisburd, 2008). The antecedents go on to state that fear is the fueling source s withalgehand ramshackle doings, which resulted in high rates of somber crimes (2008).The main purpose of this theory illustrated that if police were to scratch and eliminate minor throw out of kilters through association policing, it would redeem an overall stupor on the reduction of crime rates (Gau & Pratt, 2008). Broken windows theory was not accepted by all, in fact it sparked a great get hold of of controversy (Wilson & Kelling, 1982). The opposing views of broken windows theory argued that it was overly weak because of the lack at that roleof empirical evidence proving the correlativity between capital punishment of broken windows policing methods and decrease in crime (Harcourt, 1998).The purpose of this search was to comp atomic number 18 and oppose the dickens contrary perspectives on the broken windows theory. This opus shall also refrain whether the broken windows theory can be successfully used deep down a federation policing model. In my opinion the broken windows theory had enough substantial groundwork presended that it was successfully used within community policing. To begin, correspond to Clyde Cronkhite (2004) t he theory was true. Cronkhite connects unsoundness and crime as part of a developmental sequence (2008, p. 46). The main concept that Kelling and Wilson state, was that if small minor derangements such as littering, creation drinking, graffito etc. were tolerated in a society than it would spin out creating more serious crimes (Cronkhite, 2004). Cronkhite (2004) gave reasoning behind their theory stating that serious crimes stem from criminals assuming that once there was accessible acceptance of minor woebegone behaviors, the community became vulnerable and were less likely to act against such behaviors. Broken windows entails a process whereby unchecked unmistakable trouble oneself postures to residents that community lacks cordial control. This assumption is that the rightfulness-abiding citizens and the criminal resembling are attuned to this signal (Gau & Pratt, 2008, p. 164). Gau and Pratt (2008) gave an chronicle as to why criminals tend to gush the streets wh en minor dis methodicalnesss are present in society. The authors reasoned that it is because the general public sought comfort or safety off of the streets which in become allowed criminals to occupy the subject (Wilson & Kelling, as cited in Gau & Pratt, 2008).From psycheized sleep together in third course of University I attended a midnight street liberty chit of downtown Toronto, which allowed me to bugger off on the same conclusions as Gua and Pratt. During the street liberty chit it was clear that real geographic areas provided an outlet for further crime to be ground on affable stars, such as Regent Park. Also, base on physiological evidence that outrideed on George St in front of Seaton field of operations needles on the floor, graffiti on the walls and empty alcohol bottles not only concluded that this area was a favorable environment for crime, except that indeed some coordinate of illegal acts had occurred.Furthermore, Gua and Pratt (2010) discussed ho w the perceptions of incommode in a community instilled fear into its members and how fear created social disengagement from the community. The broken windows perspective adumbrate the cognitive thought behind what individuals viewed as disorders (Cronkhite, 2004). In other words, disorder was always in the eye of the beholder, which in this case was the community. The way the community interpreted the deserted behavior for example littering, determined whether the community was personnel casualty to reject or accept it into their societal values.Based on the communitys decision we moldiness consider an outsiders perspective on such behavior as well. James McCabe (2008) goes on to talk around how it was not the physiologic aspect of the act (litter in itself) but earlier the symbolism it created that lead to increase in crime. McCabe also stated that if individuals adage littering as a threat to social order, this threat would no lengthy be unnoted or considered unimportant , instead littering would be viewed as a key accelerator pedal to a chain of thoughtless behavior (2008).Fear was a result of the negligent behavior, fear also generated attachment to the visible characteristics of delinquency, component outsiders derive a negative stigma about a community (J. Irwin, personal communication, Oct 3rd, 2012). Tepperman and Curtis (2011), provided an explanation as to why crime occurs establish on the social functionalist tone-beginning coined by Emile Durkheim in order to construct a well-functioning society it requires values, ropiness and social control (p. 19).This theory was ground on the principal that social problems are socially created (Tepperman and Curtis, 2011), the social functionalist come back up the original work on the broken windows theory, which stated that minor disorders are classified and looked at establish on individual perception (source). geomorphologic functionalist approach establish that problems in a society origi nate from the ceremony of others consequences (Tepperman and Curtis, 2011). In this peculiar(a) case the consequences of the minor delinquent acts created greater chaos.To trash the growth in crime rates in any geographical area, broken windows philosophy entails addressing the minor problems in a community forrader they create conditions that encounter and/or permit more serious offences (McCabe, 2008, p. 291). McCabe (2008) also theorized that if you were to control the disorder you could then control the crime. The outcome this theory had on police chemical reaction was that it created the order maintenance policing dodge (Cronkhite, 2004). This was the gateway trigger to community based policing.Broken windows theory demanded that there be community function (McCabe, 2008). The absolute correlation between community policing and reduction of crime rates, was not necessarily in the affects the police have on the disorder itself, but kind of the good sense of order bein g restored into the community through transfer on approach (Sampson & Raudenbush, 2004). When the community power saw active policing, and a restored sense of community, people began to feel safer within society and were more inclined to jock with community recurrence initiatives (McCabe, 2008).The order maintenance strategy operated based on a community policing model, which is known as The Ontario Association of Chief of Police (OACP) Model (G. Hanna, personal communication, Sept 26th 2012). Wilson and Kellings theory was based on the social science experiment of Phillip Zimbardo, who had studied the snowballing effect on vandalism at the Stanford University Campus parking lot New York City in 1969, once a vacant car was left unattended to (McCabe, 2008).Kelling and Wilson (1982), indicated that disorder and crime have a strong verifying correlation based on the yielded results from Zimbardos experiment. The first to implement the order maintenance approach was the New York theodolite Authority (NYTA) (Corman & Mocan, 2005). The NYTA tackled the Subway vandalism problem channelise on, they eliminated graffiti, and arrested those who act to imposture the subway fare system (Corman & Mocan, 2005). Bratton the main attractor in organizing the initiative, stated that the theory was veracious (Corman & Mocan, 2005). Bratton went on to explain that there was a salient drop in rime rates attached in the subways following this approach, and then backing up the broken windows theory (date). After realizing the positive results of aggressive order maintenance strategy, the broken windows theory was then lay out to the test by the NYPD (Corman & Mocan, 2005). The NYPD were also only reaping the benefits from this decision. Deploying this strategy had an wallop on the offenders belief that the risk of match was high, thus the NYPD sent a clear message to the community that law and order stay over petty and serious crimes (Sampson & Cohen, 1988).Immediat ely after the implementation of order maintenance, NYPD saw significantly decreasing numbers in serious crimes such as homicide, robbery and rape (Corman & Mocan, 2005), the city ended up reaching its all- m low. Kelling in his later work wrote, Both experience and substantial prescribed research demonstrated that disorder left uncared-for ultimately leads to serious crime Fighting disorder, by solving the problems that cause it, is clearly one the best ways to fight serious crime, swerve fear, and give citizens what they in truth want from the police force. Kelling 1999, p. 29 as cited in Gau & Pratt, 2008, p. 167). other Dutch researchers conducted an experiment that revealed how visible social disorder change magnitude an individuals temptation to indulge in delinquent behaviour (Kaplan, 2008). A Dutch researcher, Keizer tested this theory by placing an envelope containing a 5 euro-note hanging from a mailbox when the mailbox was clean, 13 percent of passers-by take the en velope. When the mailbox was surrounded by trash, the percentage jumped to 25 percent, and then 27 percent when it was covered by graffiti. (Kaplan, 2008, p. 1). It was evident that the comportment of litter (minor disorder) increased the rate of crime double fold. This Netherland experiment bolstered the broken windows theory (Kaplan, 2008). On the contrary, these results fueled the debate of whether the broken windows theory was the crusade force behind crime reduction in the area. While researchers tried to determine the adjudicate causes to a particular crime, the macro-social approach shed slack on crime originating from poverty, unemployment, racism, class conflict, etc. (McCabe, 2008, p. 92) Kennedy and Moore (1995) believed that the police did not have direct impact on these crime causing issues, therefore no direct impact on crime. Harcourt was the main author to challenge the broken windows theory. He scrutinized the theory as well as the data gather by author Skogan , statingthat although there were several measures of serious crime (assault, familiar assault, and burglary) available in Skogans research, he only disclosed the findings on crime correlated to robbery (Harcourt, 1998). This made Skogans work disreputable and biased.Another reason why broken windows was state to be invalid is due to peoples perceptions on the kindred between crime and disorder whether or not they are separate entities (Corman & Mocan, 2005). If disorder and crime be to be different in the eyes of neighborhood residents, then order maintenance policing may have a fighting chance at crime reduction. If however, the two phenomena merge into one in the minds of those residents, then broken windows theory and its accompany order maintenance policing strategies will need to be rethought. (Gau & Pratt, 2008, p. 170). Furthermore, the main concept of broken windows theory was attacked. The idea that if disorder is not found frightening, citizens remain on the streets, therefore streets are not being opened to criminals, thus criminal behaviour would not take place (Hinkle & Weisburd, 2006). Interestingly, the studies conducted against the theory have not given much attention to the blood between disorder and fear, which was surprising given its importance in the model. (Hinkle & Weisburd, 2006).Studies based on broken windows are too inconsistent to be able to gain a definite line as to whether or not the theory was accurate and the possibility of integration into community policing. Researchers have stated that there are statistically better predictions of crime such as community stability and collective efficacy of the neighborhood, therefore police should not focus their time into fixing the broken windows theory but kinda dedicate their time to other predictors (Weisburd & Braga, 2007).Consequently, if police were to dedicate their time on the other factors rather than on minor disorders there would be less objectivity in regards to poli ce involvement (Weisburd & Braga, 2007). The authors point out that although all individuals would be in favour of collective efficacy, it was hard to address and rectify upon (2007). Making it easier said than done. These other statistical predictors of crime were rational and utile in regards find out all possible causes of crime, but they were far too ambiguous of concepts to be solved through practice (Weisburd & Braga, 2007).Thus broken windows theory was a serviceable option, it was applicable to any community and it was able to be implemented quickly. accord to the OACP Model order maintenance policing would be considered as part of the community mobilization and crime prevention sector. This sector allows the police to take charge and impact minor disorders preventing future crime epoch encouraging community members to get involved, thus transitioning toward safer communities and to the ultimate goal of low need for police assistance (G. Hanna, personal communication, Sept 11th, 2012).In conclusion, the macro-social approaches, lack therefrom empirical evidence, relationship between fear and disorder as well as perceptions on social disorders were the critiques made against the broken windows theory. Despite these critiques, the theory proved to be true through real life application. then I draw to the conclusion that it was and continues to be successfully incorporated into the topical policing model. If police go in Ontario dedicate more time to goat the social disorders visible in our communities, they will help build positive relations in the community.By restoring order in our communities we are another note closer to eradicating serious crimes (Wilson & Kelling, 1982). References Corman, H. , & Mocan, N. (2005, April). Carrots, sticks, and broken windows. Journal of Law and Economics, 48(1), 235-266. doi10. 1086/425594 Cronkhite, C. (2004, border district 1). Illusions of order The false promise of broken windows policing (Book). fe lonious Justice redirect examination (Georgia State University), 29(1), 245-248. Retrieved October 1, 2012, from http//web. ebscohost. com. subzero. lib. uoguelph. ca/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer? id=50642dd3-c8cc-4a96-aa51-1baee6674c01%40sessionmgr114&vid=1&hid=107 Gau, J. M. , & Pratt, T. C. (2008, May 1). Broken windows or window dressing? Citizens (in)ability to single out the difference between disorder and crime. Criminology & Public indemnity , 7(2), 163-194. doi10. 1111/j. 1745-9133. 2008. 00500. x Gau, J. M. , & Pratt, T. C. (2010, August). Revisiting broken windows theory Examining the sources of the discriminant validity of perceived disorder and crime. Journal of Criminal Justice, 38(4), 758-766. Retrieved October 1, 2012, fromBroken Windows TheoryThe notion that serious crime is stemmed from minor disorders and fear of crime was a well-developed hypothesis in the 1980s by James Q. Wilson and George Kelling (Hinkle & Weisburd, 2006). Wilson and Kelling (1982) had coined this theory as broken windows. Broken windows theory states that disorder in a society causes the residents of the society to develop fear (Hinkle & Weisburd, 2008). The authors go on to state that fear is the fueling source behind delinquent behavior, which resulted in higher rates of serious crimes (2008).The main concept of this theory illustrated that if police were to target and eliminate minor disorders through community policing, it would have an overall impact on the reduction of crime rates (Gau & Pratt, 2008). Broken windows theory was not accepted by all, in fact it sparked a great deal of controversy (Wilson & Kelling, 1982). The opposing views of broken windows theory argued that it was too weak because of the lack thereof empirical evidence proving the correlation between implementation of broken windows policing methods and decrease in crime (Harcourt, 1998).The purpose of this essay was to compare and contrast the two different perspectives on the broken windows theo ry. This paper shall also conclude whether the broken windows theory can be successfully used within a community policing model. In my opinion the broken windows theory had enough substantial groundwork presented that it was successfully used within community policing. To begin, according to Clyde Cronkhite (2004) the theory was true. Cronkhite connects disorder and crime as part of a developmental sequence (2008, p. 46). The main concept that Kelling and Wilson stated, was that if small minor disorders such as littering, public drinking, graffiti etc. were tolerated in a society than it would spiral out creating more serious crimes (Cronkhite, 2004). Cronkhite (2004) gave reasoning behind their theory stating that serious crimes stem from criminals assuming that once there was social acceptance of minor delinquent behaviors, the community became vulnerable and were less likely to act against such behaviors. Broken windows entails a process whereby unchecked visible disorder signals to residents that community lacks social control. This assumption is that the law-abiding citizens and the criminal alike are attuned to this signal (Gau & Pratt, 2008, p. 164). Gau and Pratt (2008) gave an explanation as to why criminals tend to flood the streets when minor disorders are present in society. The authors reasoned that it is because the general public sought shelter or safety off of the streets which in turn allowed criminals to occupy the area (Wilson & Kelling, as cited in Gau & Pratt, 2008).From personal experience in third year of University I attended a midnight street walk of downtown Toronto, which allowed me to draw on the same conclusions as Gua and Pratt. During the street walk it was clear that certain geographical areas provided an outlet for further crime to exist based on social senses, such as Regent Park. Also, based on physical evidence that remained on George St in front of Seaton House needles on the floor, graffiti on the walls and empty alcohol b ottles not only concluded that this area was a favorable environment for crime, but that indeed some form of illegal acts had occurred.Furthermore, Gua and Pratt (2010) discussed how the perceptions of disorder in a community instilled fear into its members and how fear created social disengagement from the community. The broken windows perspective outlined the cognitive thought behind what individuals viewed as disorders (Cronkhite, 2004). In other words, disorder was always in the eye of the beholder, which in this case was the community. The way the community interpreted the delinquent behavior for example littering, determined whether the community was going to reject or accept it into their societal values.Based on the communitys decision we must consider an outsiders perspective on such behavior as well. James McCabe (2008) goes on to talk about how it was not the physical aspect of the act (litter in itself) but rather the symbolism it created that lead to increase in crime. McCabe also stated that if individuals saw littering as a threat to social order, this threat would no longer be overlooked or considered unimportant, instead littering would be viewed as a key catalyst to a chain of negligent behavior (2008).Fear was a result of the negligent behavior, fear also generated attachment to the visible characteristics of delinquency, helping outsiders derive a negative stigma about a community (J. Irwin, personal communication, Oct 3rd, 2012). Tepperman and Curtis (2011), provided an explanation as to why crime occurs based on the social functionalist approach coined by Emile Durkheim in order to have a well-functioning society it requires values, cohesion and social control (p. 19).This theory was based on the principal that social problems are socially created (Tepperman and Curtis, 2011), the social functionalist approach supported the original work on the broken windows theory, which stated that minor disorders are classified and looked at based on individual perception (source). Structural functionalist approach established that problems in a society originate from the observation of others consequences (Tepperman and Curtis, 2011). In this particular case the consequences of the minor delinquent acts created greater chaos.To combat the growth in crime rates in any geographical area, broken windows philosophy entails addressing the minor problems in a community before they create conditions that welcome and/or permit more serious offences (McCabe, 2008, p. 291). McCabe (2008) also theorized that if you were to control the disorder you could then control the crime. The outcome this theory had on police response was that it created the order maintenance policing strategy (Cronkhite, 2004). This was the gateway introduction to community based policing.Broken windows theory demanded that there be community involvement (McCabe, 2008). The positive correlation between community policing and reduction of crime rates, was not necessa rily in the affects the police have on the disorder itself, but rather the sense of order being restored into the community through hands on approach (Sampson & Raudenbush, 2004). When the community saw active policing, and a restored sense of community, people began to feel safer within society and were more inclined to help with community restoration initiatives (McCabe, 2008).The order maintenance strategy operated based on a community policing model, which is known as The Ontario Association of Chief of Police (OACP) Model (G. Hanna, personal communication, Sept 26th 2012). Wilson and Kellings theory was based on the social science experiment of Phillip Zimbardo, who had studied the snowballing effect on vandalism at the Stanford University Campus parking lot New York City in 1969, once a vacant car was left unattended to (McCabe, 2008).Kelling and Wilson (1982), indicated that disorder and crime have a strong positive correlation based on the yielded results from Zimbardos expe riment. The first to implement the order maintenance approach was the New York Transit Authority (NYTA) (Corman & Mocan, 2005). The NYTA tackled the Subway vandalism problem head on, they eliminated graffiti, and arrested those who tried to cheat the subway fare system (Corman & Mocan, 2005). Bratton the main leader in organizing the initiative, stated that the theory was accurate (Corman & Mocan, 2005). Bratton went on to explain that there was a dramatic drop in rime rates committed in the subways following this approach, thus backing up the broken windows theory (date). After realizing the positive results of aggressive order maintenance strategy, the broken windows theory was then put to the test by the NYPD (Corman & Mocan, 2005). The NYPD were also only reaping the benefits from this decision. Deploying this strategy had an impact on the offenders belief that the risk of apprehension was high, thus the NYPD sent a clear message to the community that law and order prevail over petty and serious crimes (Sampson & Cohen, 1988).Immediately after the implementation of order maintenance, NYPD saw significantly decreasing numbers in serious crimes such as homicide, robbery and rape (Corman & Mocan, 2005), the city ended up reaching its all-time low. Kelling in his later work wrote, Both experience and substantial formal research demonstrated that disorder left untended ultimately leads to serious crime Fighting disorder, by solving the problems that cause it, is clearly one the best ways to fight serious crime, reduce fear, and give citizens what they actually want from the police force. Kelling 1999, p. 29 as cited in Gau & Pratt, 2008, p. 167). Another Dutch researchers conducted an experiment that revealed how visible social disorder increased an individuals temptation to indulge in delinquent behaviour (Kaplan, 2008). A Dutch researcher, Keizer tested this theory by placing an envelope containing a 5 euro-note hanging from a mailbox when the mailbox was cle an, 13 percent of passers-by stole the envelope. When the mailbox was surrounded by trash, the percentage jumped to 25 percent, and then 27 percent when it was covered by graffiti. (Kaplan, 2008, p. 1). It was evident that the presence of litter (minor disorder) increased the rate of crime double fold. This Netherland experiment bolstered the broken windows theory (Kaplan, 2008). On the contrary, these results fueled the debate of whether the broken windows theory was the driving force behind crime reduction in the area. While researchers tried to determine the root causes to a particular crime, the macro-social approach shed light on crime originating from poverty, unemployment, racism, class conflict, etc. (McCabe, 2008, p. 92) Kennedy and Moore (1995) believed that the police did not have direct impact on these crime causing issues, therefore no direct impact on crime. Harcourt was the main author to challenge the broken windows theory. He scrutinized the theory as well as the d ata gathered by author Skogan, statingthat although there were several measures of serious crime (assault, sexual assault, and burglary) available in Skogans research, he only disclosed the findings on crime correlated to robbery (Harcourt, 1998). This made Skogans work discreditable and biased.Another reason why broken windows was said to be invalid is due to peoples perceptions on the relationship between crime and disorder whether or not they are separate entities (Corman & Mocan, 2005). If disorder and crime seem to be different in the eyes of neighborhood residents, then order maintenance policing may have a fighting chance at crime reduction. If however, the two phenomena merge into one in the minds of those residents, then broken windows theory and its accompanying order maintenance policing strategies will need to be rethought. (Gau & Pratt, 2008, p. 170). Furthermore, the main concept of broken windows theory was attacked. The idea that if disorder is not found frightening, citizens remain on the streets, therefore streets are not being opened to criminals, thus criminal behaviour would not take place (Hinkle & Weisburd, 2006). Interestingly, the studies conducted against the theory have not given much attention to the relationship between disorder and fear, which was surprising given its importance in the model. (Hinkle & Weisburd, 2006).Studies based on broken windows are too inconsistent to be able to draw a definite line as to whether or not the theory was accurate and the possibility of integration into community policing. Researchers have stated that there are statistically better predictions of crime such as community stability and collective efficacy of the neighborhood, therefore police should not focus their time into fixing the broken windows theory but rather dedicate their time to other predictors (Weisburd & Braga, 2007).Consequently, if police were to dedicate their time on the other factors rather than on minor disorders there would be less objectivity in regards to police involvement (Weisburd & Braga, 2007). The authors point out that although all individuals would be in favour of collective efficacy, it was hard to address and improve upon (2007). Making it easier said than done. These other statistical predictors of crime were rational and helpful in regards determining all possible causes of crime, but they were far too ambiguous of concepts to be solved through practice (Weisburd & Braga, 2007).Thus broken windows theory was a practical option, it was applicable to any community and it was able to be implemented quickly. According to the OACP Model order maintenance policing would be considered as part of the community mobilization and crime prevention sector. This sector allows the police to take charge and impact minor disorders preventing future crime while encouraging community members to get involved, thus transitioning toward safer communities and to the ultimate goal of low need for police assistance (G. Hanna, personal communication, Sept 11th, 2012).In conclusion, the macro-social approaches, lack thereof empirical evidence, relationship between fear and disorder as well as perceptions on social disorders were the critiques made against the broken windows theory. Despite these critiques, the theory proved to be true through real life application. Therefore I draw to the conclusion that it was and continues to be successfully incorporated into the current policing model. If police services in Ontario dedicate more time to target the social disorders visible in our communities, they will help build positive relations in the community.By restoring order in our communities we are another step closer to eradicating serious crimes (Wilson & Kelling, 1982). References Corman, H. , & Mocan, N. (2005, April). Carrots, sticks, and broken windows. Journal of Law and Economics, 48(1), 235-266. doi10. 1086/425594 Cronkhite, C. (2004, March 1). Illusions of order The false promise of broke n windows policing (Book). Criminal Justice Review (Georgia State University), 29(1), 245-248. Retrieved October 1, 2012, from http//web. ebscohost. com. subzero. lib. uoguelph. ca/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer? id=50642dd3-c8cc-4a96-aa51-1baee6674c01%40sessionmgr114&vid=1&hid=107 Gau, J. M. , & Pratt, T. C. (2008, May 1). Broken windows or window dressing? Citizens (in)ability to tell the difference between disorder and crime. Criminology & Public Policy , 7(2), 163-194. doi10. 1111/j. 1745-9133. 2008. 00500. x Gau, J. M. , & Pratt, T. C. (2010, August). Revisiting broken windows theory Examining the sources of the discriminant validity of perceived disorder and crime. Journal of Criminal Justice, 38(4), 758-766. Retrieved October 1, 2012, from

Employment Relations Essay

Parliament, in the brook 100 years or so, has a lot to say well-nigh conditions of work and the relationship between employers and their employees (Deeks & Rasmussen, 2006). There have been umpteen industrial disputes regarding the arbitration system between 1894 and 1991 which has influenced changes to fresh Zealand Employment Relations. One of the many industrial disputes was the waterfront industrial dispute 1951. This dispute in New Zealands labour history is the biggest industrial dispute that has influenced changes to Employment Relations legislation.Although it was non as violent as the great strike of 1913, it lasted longer-151 days, from February 15th to July 15, and intricate more workers (Scott, 2001). The 1951 dispute pitted the government and public against the Watersiders after they unflinching to work to rule in protest at their employers refusal to award them a 15 per cent pay rise (Kay, 2008). At its peak, 22000 waterside workers (wharfies) and other unionists w ere by the job out of the population of just under two jillion (Ministry for Culture and Heritage, Today in History, 2007).This essay will discuss the effects, outcomes and influences of the 1951 waterfront industrial dispute thus how it turned the New Zealand Employment Relations or so in order to avoid disputes as such from happening and likewise create a better relationship between the employers and the employees today. The historical events regarding New Zealand employment relations are really quite wide spread. numerous events such as strikes and lockouts have happened regards to compulsory arbitration. In 1894 Industrial placation and Arbitration Act (IC A Act 1894) was designed to replace industrial action with conciliation arbitration.This was implemented to bring negotiation and disputing sides together to exonerate industrial conflicts. Unions registering under the act effectively got exclusive organising and bargaining rights, (Rasmussen Deeks, 2006, pg 52). Union s play important interest groups during this time. They helped to promote employee interests to satisfy work goals such as better wages thus they became the legally recognised voice of the workers in a particular industry.

E-Learning Questionnaire

This proposal focuses on nevertheless e- larn in one developing country, Malaysia. For this study, e-learning is used at tertiary level. The general purpose of the interrogation is to investigate, analyse and discuss the effectiveness of technology in the education system theoretically and pedagogically. Since there are not legion(predicate) empirical researches in developing countries about the effectiveness of using technology in the education system, perhaps this paper may be commensurate to contribute some ideas and new insights into the field. Many assumptions clear been made dry land wide about the fact that technology helps in the butt on of direction and learning.However, they are not proven and as such the need to shed more independent study on the effectiveness of e-learning is high. Another research concludes that the performance of e-learning students is at least the same as face-to-face (FTF) learning students. This comes with the same consideration for peda gogical designs, delivery and also the right measurement of sources. Thus, the governments and education stakeholders have to look again at the investments on e-learning if e-learning take a leaks the same results as FTF, then perhaps educators mass just choose to explore new FTF strategies. -Learning Concept and practice in Malaysia To be more specialised on the practice of e-learning, there is not yet a deoxycytidine monophosphate% e-learning. It is always a blended e-learning a mixed mode e-learning whereby a combination of e-learning and FTF learning are used together. The e-learning concept allows for more running(a) people to further their studies as distance and time are no longer the barriers to education. There are four objectives of this tertiary e-learning in Malaysia. The basic is to introduce new concept of learning at a higher(prenominal) level of education. Secondly, it introduces interactive and productive method of learning.The third objective is to verify students study independently and lastly to allow for balanced education in Malaysia. Learning model in e-learning includes independent study, on-line interaction, self-evaluation and graded assignments send on-line. This proposal intends to use pre/post tests, examination results, questionnaires and interview as the keister of data collection and measurement for the effectiveness of e-learning. These designs are chosen because they can give an indicator for the effectiveness of e-learning. Pre/post test results can give a surface value on the effectiveness of e-learning itself.Meanwhile, questionnaires and interviews can bore-hole students awareness and belief on e-learning as a new beak of learning. Research questions This proposal has four research questions. They are, 1. 2. 3. 4. How does e-learning help in the process of teaching and learning? What are the relations between students academic feat and e-learning? What are the differences in students academic achievement befor e and after e-learning preaching? What are the relations between gender, socio-economic background, academic ability and e-learning? ConclusionAs this is a proposal on the topic of effectiveness of e-learning, collecting and analysing lowly data are still in progress. Students or subjects for the research have been identified and preliminary preparation is being made to organise groups, classes and materials for the students. At the same time, questionnaires are being prepared and will soon be pilot tested. The pre/post tests are being finalised. It is hoped that this research can be completed within its time frame as the findings may be crucial to the education system in Malaysia.

Crime Reduction

Mohammed N. M. Sayan ESL 0405 ESL modern Writing Date February 13th, 2013 Dr. J. Parla Palumbo Topic Crime Reduction Title What dirty dog I do to reduce execration? Thousands of crimes happen in all told over the world and increase exponentially every(prenominal) year. According to Nations Masters website, more than twelve million crimes committed in the United states furthest year. Crime statistics. nationmaster. com. quick Intelligence, 2002. Web. 25 February 2013. All of these crimes carry happened due to gamey poverty rates and a poor education system.Although there atomic number 18 more police to govern the streets and strict punishment is being enforced, it is so far non enough to reduce crime. I believe there argon m nigh(prenominal) ways to reduce crime however, paying attention to surroundings, self- cling toion, and pickings some common sense precautions are basic ways non to pee-pee ? nvolved in crimes. Reducing crime is a job for everyone. The majority of crime is opportunistic. For example, valuables left in view in a car, an reach window in an empty house, walking alone on a dark street, carrying large sums of cash, unlocking your car door, or leaving furniture and scam things in the yard overnight.Criminals always seek great deal who do not pay attention to their surroundings. To avoid worthy a victim, people must take charge of their own safety. There are no guarantees against crime prevention except their self-protection which can help reduce the chances of becoming casualty. For instance, In case of armed robber, it is best to hand over your wallet and do not resist because criminals do not want to get caught, says Tony Farrenkopf, Ph. D. , a clinical and Forensic psychologist in private practice in Portland.Dulce Zamora. How to protect yourself against crime. webmd. com. 2006. Web. . 25 February 2013. Danger may be lurking around any corner, and taking some common sense precautions will protect them from potentially dangerous situations. Firstly, people can make it difficult for criminals to victimize them. each human has an internal appall which usually alerts them when they are walking into a bad situation. To fine tune their personal alarm, they must take some precautions such as, trusting yourself, be aware of the eighborhood, pay attention to people around the area, understand the effects of alcohol and drugs, and react properly. These are all examples to warn them before they get involve in crime and at last help reducing crime, too. Criminals are always looking for someone who is vulnerable. Therefore, every citizen has a responsibility to keep their surrounding areas safe by report any kinds of suspicious activities to the police. Some people setups a burglar alarm system in their property to protect themselves against burglary orproperty damage.Others, educate their guard-dogs to alert them against danger. On the other side, government must also tin high security cameras in place s where crimes are frequently happen. Taking all into account, people have to take the responsibility in order to have a break-dance life by following some rudiments rules such as self-protection and precautions. They might be simple entirely they are effective in decreasing crime. As they say, prevention is better than cure. Works Cited Bustamante, Karina. Reducing Crime. Blogspot. 14 May 2008. Web. 25 February 2013 Crime statistics. nationmaster. com. Rapid Intelligence, 2002. Web. 25 February 2013 . Protecting yourself from crime and abuse. Beechwood Neighborhood Coalition. . Zamora, Dulce. How to protect yourself against crime. webmd. 2006. Web. . 25 February 2013 .

Incarceration of African American Males Essay

Introduction The trend of African American priapics between the ages of 25 and 29 has seen a dramatic increase of incarceration. attending has been focusing on argonas of housing, education, and healthc atomic number 18 but the most prominent fuss for African American masculines is the increase in the incarceration rate. African American males between the ages of 25 and 29 incarceration rate has been thought, by many, to be caused by economic factors such as beneath employment or unemployment, worthless housing, lack of education, and lack of healthcargon.Yet, others believe it is due to the imbalance of minorities in spite of appearance the criminal umpire system, such as judges, jurisprudenceyers, and law puzzlers. This paper will explore two opposite outlooks society has come up with so far, as to why African American Males between the ages of 25 and 29 atomic number 18 increasingly incarcerated. Fin on the wholey, the information will give awareness to the problems th at is faced by African American Males between the ages of 25 and 29. Prevalence Problem 1 More than 40% of exclusively American prisoners, men and women, are African American men, yet they make up just 13% of the U. S. male population (Roberts, 2004).This statistic does not include those African American men who are in local jails nor does it include those African American men infra custodial supervision (Table 2). They enter the state and federal prison system, at the prime of their economic and reproductive lives and yet they exit prison basis both economically and complaisantly. The high rate of incarceration among African Americans has been say by the interconnection of poor economy, lack of affordable housing, mental illness, heart abuse, domestic violence, absence of a strong black male section model, lack of access to education, or some type of combination of these factors.Statistics wear upont even give African American males a acceptable chance to stay out of jai l. They turn out a one in quartette chance of cosmos incarcerated, while Hispanic American males beget a one in six chance, and white males totally put one over a one in twenty three chance of incarceration. The dissimulation of African Americans get dresseds them apart and makes them targetable. Prevalence Problem 2 There is evidence, in our American Justice System, of structural inequality as seen in the lots of minorities to the percentage of majorities employed in high ranking positions, within the system.The percentage of unify States judges by race are 79% Caucasian, 12% African American, and 2% Hispanics American (Federal Judicial Center, 2012), as for the thousands of lawyers in the unite States it is calculate of 3% are African American (National Law Group, 2010-2011), and about 1 in 4 police officers are members of a racial or ethnic minority in 2007 ( government agency of Justice Statistics, 2013). An investigation into racial pen showed that African American and Hispanic American offenders, who often are early unemployed males, are more likely than their white counterparts (Spohn, C., 2000).Their prison sentences are also typically longer or they receive differential benefits from guidepost departures than do similarly situated white offenders (Spohn, C. , 2000). We must ac familiarity the problems of racial difference within the criminal justice system, communicate racial disparity within the criminal justice system with those we who are not assured of the problem, and stay committed to changing racial disparity within our justice system for change to begin.Causes In researching the high rate of incarceration in America it is more likely than not that the increase in African American Males being incarcerated is due to the War on Drugs (Table 1). It is public knowledge that drug crime ranks high among the effects of poverty. These poor neighborhoods not except endure crime they have poor schools, poor food, cramped animate areas, and shortage of jobs if any jobs at all.Drugs and drug crime has become rule in low income communities, view ass of Hispanics made up 55% of cocaine pulverization offences and 52% of marijuana offenses and 49% involving opiates African Americans were suspected in 75% of crack cocaine cases clean-living males were suspected in 41% all methamphetamine cases (Motivans, M. , 2011). Decades of failed public and private remedies for chronic disparities and disadvantages in communities of color ask for us to reexamine systems and institutions that provide and restrict opportunity in new ways (Lawrence, K. , 2011).The causes seem to be intertwined being poor equals, equals a poor education, equals lack of employment, and ultimately equals an increased rate of crime. Consequences The causes seem to be intertwined being poor, equals lack of education, which equals lack of employment, which equals increased rate of crime which equals impossibility to meet criminal justice system. Also, many of these men are incarcerated while all the other non-incarcerated American young men are finishing school, starting time careers, earning seniority at pee, marrying and having children thus gaining capital.Even when released from prison, these men return top to their communities with a felony record that will pose extreme problems for them. The incarceration leads the released confidence trick into a lower social ground level even if they were considered lower class Americans prior to their incarceration they now are lower in social class standing in most instances. This leads to a poor African American participation, perhaps as many as 50% of the male population will have been in prison.These incarcerated African American Males, who are in their prime of life, also are leaving half the families in this community facing such things as poverty, lack of affordable housing, mental illness, substance abuse, violence, absence of a strong black male type model, lack of access to education, or some type of combination of these factors. The community ultimately will become poverty stricken, struggling to survive, and ultimately threatened to the situation repeating. Solutions How can this be changed? There are four advert aspects to addressing racial disparity, in my opinion 1.Acknowledge 2. Communication 3. Setback = fortissimo 4. Commitment Not only is the problem of racial disparity under recognized by society it is not being communicated effectively to make change. Majority groups subscribes to acknowledge racial disparity and minority groups affect to communicate their knowledge regarding racial disparity. As for each one group legal age and minority begins to become share their information with each other and work together for a common solution acknowledging there will be setbacks but with continued commitment systemic change will happen. cultivation By refusing to tolerate disparate treatment of people of color or anyone within the criminal justice system we empower ourselves and our country. It is time that everyone including our legislators, law enforcement, prosecutors, defense attorneys, and judges work collectively and courageously to eradicate this ostracise stigma. Despite, America being known for its equal rights we are living evidence that in this era inequality is a factor that cannot be interpreted lightly. The statistics that are surrounding African American males is astounding.We need to empower African American males with the knowledge that they have a one in four chance of becoming incarcerated. It is also important to know that Hispanic males have a one in six chance, and white males have a one in twenty three chance of incarceration. All of these statistics need to be addressed to empower each and every one us. end-to-end history we have not seen a change in absolute majority groups (White, Male) and minority groups (Women, anyone that is not White) although we have seen numbers of minorities incr easing at a fast pace.Today, however, the election of Barack Obama, not once but twice, may set the new ideal of what an American actually is. As we tweet different cultures and their ethnic backgrounds society will prosper. As society increases their knowledge, in regards to each persons differences, they will acquire greater strength and prosperity. The only issue, that can occur, will be in the short term empowering others to embrace diversity. When we look beyond short-term, focus will shift to diverse authorization through embracing the knowledge of our differences thus making us stronger as a society. postpone 1 BLACK PROPORTION OF DRUG ARRESTS, EXCLUDING marijuana POSSESSION YEAR BLACK % 1999 40. 1 2000 39. 3 2001 39. 1 2002 35. 8 2003 33. 8 2004 33. 1 2005 33. 2 Data calculated from drug arrest figures by race provided by the Uniform Crime Reports division of the FBI TABLE 2 FBI CRIME REPORT Arrests By Race, 2006 11,249 agencies 2006 estimated population 216,685,152 Total White Black American Indian or Alaskan Native Asiatic or peaceable islander Total White Black American Indian or Alaskan Native Asian or Pacific Islander TOTAL 10,437,620.7270214 2924724 130589 112093 100. 0 69. 7 28 1. 3 1. 1 Drug abuse violations 1376192 875101 483886 8198 9607 1000 63. 6 35. 1 0. 6 0. 7 DUIS 1034651 914226 95260 13484 11681 100 88. 4 9. 2 1. 3 1. 1 hard drink laws 466323 398068 50035 12831 5389 100 85. 4 10. 7 2. 8 1. 2 Drunken-ness 408439 344155 54113 7884 2287 100 84. 3 13. 2 1. 9 0. 6 Dis-orderly conduct 5117264 325991 179733 7606 3934 100 63. 0 34. 7 1. 5 0. 8 (The FBI Uniform Crime Report, 2010) References Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2013, http//bjs. ojp. usdoj. gov/index. cfm?ty=tp&tid=71 The FBI Uniform Crime Reports, 2010, Table 43, http//www. fbi. gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/crime-in-the-u. s/2010/crime-in-the-u. s. -2010/tables/table-43 Federal Judicial Center, 2012, Overview of the United States Court System, http//www. fjc. gov/public/pdf. nsf/lookup/F JC_Standard_PPT_English_June_2012. pdf/$file/FJC_Standard_PPT_English_June_2012. pdf Lawrence, K. , 2011, Race, Crime, and PunishmentBreaking the liaison in America, http//www. aspeninstitute. org/sites/default/files/content/docs/pubs/Race-Crime-Punishment.pdf Motivans, Mark, 2011, Washington, DC US Dept. of Justice Bureau of Justice Statistics, http//bjs. ojp. usdoj. gov/content/pub/pdf/fjs09. pdf National Law Group 2010-2011, http//blacklawyers. last(a)/ Roberts, D. , 2004, Measuring the Social and Moral Cost of Mass Incarceration, in African American Communities, http//www. law. fsu. edu/faculty/2003-2004workshops/roberts. pdf Spohn,C. ,2000, Thirty Years of Sentencing Reform The Quest for a Racially Neutral Sentencing Process, http//www. justicestudies. com/pubs/livelink3-1. pdf.